渭北黄土高原苹果优质气候层带分析

本文利用元帅系苹果定位试验的品质测定资料,分析研究了苹果品质(含糖量、含酸量、硬度等)与海拔高度及其垂直气候层带的关系,认为我国渭北黄土高原海拔1000—1500m 范围的半湿润、半干旱地区,是全国苹果品质最佳的优质气候区。这一层带的气候-土壤生态条件,适宜于发展优质苹果生产和建立商品生产基地。     

Climatic change and urbanization effect in China

Climatic change and urbanization effect in China during the last 39 years were investigated. It is found that a warming of about 0.23℃ for the annual temperature has been noticed from 1951 to 1989. The warmings of about 0.78 ℃ in winter and 0.34 3℃ in spring have been shown. It is also presented that a cooling of about -0.27℃ in summer has been indicated. The bigger cities are warmer than smaller cities in China. The dried trends in the annual precipitation during the last 39 years were presented. The precipitation decreased obviously in summer all over China. The bigger cities were drier than smaller cities.     

Sensitivity experiments and assessment of climatic changes in China induced by greenhouse effect

Climatic changes can be separated into two parts: natural changes -and human activity influenced on climatic changes. The observed data could not only show the effects caused by human activity. Several simulated results as simulated by the GCMs induced by the greenhouse effects in China .have been analysed. It is shown that an obvious warming of about 3-6℃ in winter and 2-5℃ in summer in China as simulated by the GCMs induced by doubling CO2 have been found. There are getting drier or wetter regions in China due to doubled CO2 as simulated by most of models. Comparing the simulated results with the observed data in China, some simulated results are able to be believed. The GCMs should be improved, especially in the regional areas.     

天津市太阳辐射能资源的精细估算研究

本文根据天津市区１９５９～１９９４年共计３６ａ逐日实测总辐射资料,建立了用其它气象要素（日照百分率及空气湿度）估算不同尺度（年、季、月、旬、候及逐日）太阳总辐射量的系列经验公式,其平均拟合精确度可达９０％～９７％。     

青藏高原多年冻土区铁路路堤变形特征研究

路堤的稳定是公路、铁路等行车安全的保证。路堤变形通过路基—轨道—车辆大系统的相互作用而影响行车安全。冻胀、融沉是多年冻土地区路堤变形的重要形式。多年冻土区的路基变形问题是至今仍未彻底解决的一大难题。青藏铁路穿越 5 5 0km多年冻土区 ,为研究多年冻土区路堤变形特征 ,笔者对青藏铁路某试验段进行变形监测并对监测数据进行分析。结果表明铁路路堤的修建改变了多年冻土原来的水热平衡 ,天然冻土上限的变化导致路堤产生变形。同时 ,变形特征还受路堤边坡的坡向、降水量和地基土类型等因素的制约。在此基础上 ,提出几点减少多年冻土区铁路路堤变形的一些看法和建议。     

新疆强对流暴雨的气候特征和概率分布模式研究

应用1980—2001年的6h降水量资料和雨量时程方程，首次给出了新疆地区强对流暴雨的划分标准；分析了强对流暴雨的气候特征、大气环流背景、影响系统、变化趋势和概率分布模式；发现，20世纪90年代强对流暴雨次数有明显的增加，Poisson分布拟合强对流暴雨频率分布尚好，还计算了各地每年(雨季)强对流暴雨发生n次以上的概率。     

QUALITY OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL DATA IN COLD REGIONS1

ABSTRACT: Many users of hydrometeorological records are not aware of the number of inconsistencies and biases that occur in hydrometeorological records. Examples are presented illustrating how the exposures of sites for measurement of precipitation, wind, snow on the ground, and evaporation determine to a large extent how useful the records are for estimating areal conditions. For areas where precipitation in the form of snow produces a significant portion of the runoff, a smaller number of quality records may be more valuable for modeling than a much larger number of records of lower quality. Information is presented to show that the overall value of an operational hydrometeorological network is dependent upon how consistent and representative of average conditions the collected records are, especially for mountainous areas in cold regions.     

气候条件变化对棉纤维品质的影响

对棉纤维品质试验的结果分析表明，其长度受气候条件的影响不明显，而比强度和麦克隆值则明显受气候条件的影响。从变异值分析，受气候影响大小顺序是：比强度〉发克隆值〉长度。影响比强度的气候因子主要是日均温、累积降水量和相对湿度，影响麦克隆值的气候因子主要是日均温和累积降水量或夜均温、累积降水量。并确定影响比强度的日均温最低临界值为24．5℃，最适值为26．1℃，铃期累积降水量的最高临界值为109．9mm，最适值为44．6mm，栩对湿度的最高临界值为77．7％，最适值为67．9％。麦克隆值适宜范围的日均温为20．5～24．8℃，累积降水量为108．2～308．2mm。长度适宜范围的最低温度为14．7～20．8℃，相对湿度为84．7％～89．5％。这些因子和指标的确定为建立棉纤维品质的定量模型奠定了基础。     

近42年成都地区雷暴的气候统计特征

利用成都地区5个测站1959—2000年的雷暴观测资料，通过数理统计和小波分析，研究了成都地区雷暴的气候特征。结果显示：成都地区年雷暴日数较多，年际变化较大，年雷暴日数有减小的变化趋势，每10a雷暴日数减少近4d；成都地区的雷暴有很强的季节性特点，集中出现在4—9月的5个月中，而夏季6，7，8三个月占7成以上；成都地区雷暴初日普遍在4月中旬，终日普遍在10月中旬，雷暴初／终日年际间差异很大。从小波分析结果看，成都、金堂、双流和蒲江4站近42a年来雷暴日数在1982年以前有12a左右的震荡周期，1982年以后表现为6a左右的周期；都江堰的年雷暴日数分布特征和其他4个测站有较大不同，主要表现为15a的震荡周期。     

旅游区(点)安全评估体系初探

旅游区的安全状况越来越受到各级政府的广泛关注,规范旅游景点安全管理已成当务之急.文章以模糊数学和层次分析理论为指导构建了旅游区(点)安全评估指标体系和评价模型,评价过程考虑了影响安全等级的相关因素,并保留了各级评价的全部信息.实例采用典型的旅游景点指标数据,评价结果直观地反映了旅游区的安全状况.